ഈജിപ്തിലെ അല്ഫുതങ്ങള്‍

പിരമിഡുകള്‍ ,ലോകത്തെ എന്നും അത്ഭുതപ്പെടുത്തിയ നിര്‍മിതികള്‍ഇവ

ഒരു കാലത്തെ ലോകധിപന്‍മാരുടെ നിര്‍മിതിയാണ് . ആയിരക്കണക്കിന്

മനുഷ്യരുടെ അധ്വാനം , ഭീമമായ സമ്പത്ത് ഒക്കെ ഇവിടെഹോമിക്കപെട്ടു .

എങ്കിലും ലോകത്തെ വിസ്മയിപ്പിച്ചു കൊണ്ട്‌ അവ നിലനില്ക്കുന്നു .

വരും തലമുറയും ഈ അത്ഭുത നിരമിതിയെആദരിക്കും തീര്‍ച്ച .........

Ancient Egypt
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The pyramids of Giza are among the most recognizable symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt.

Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period (c. 3150 BC to 30 BC).
Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia.[2] Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province.[3]
The success of ancient Egyptian civilization stemmed partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.[4][5]
The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known ships,[6] Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty.[7] Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travellers and writers for centuries. A newfound respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy, for Egypt and the world.[8]

ഒരു കാലത്തെ ലോകധിപന്മാര്‍

Inca Civilization
The History of Inca Civilization
The Inca Civilization lasted for three hundred years from the 13th to the 16th century. Getting a true picture of Inca history is difficult because the Incas had no written language and passed their history down orally from one generation to the next. What we know about the Incas has been pieced together from archaeological evidence and the oral history still present in Peru. Tracing the history of the Incas is difficult because the Inca relied heavily on their people to carry important information. Since the Incas had no written language, history was passed down by oral historians.
Even the Inca mathematical system required special people to interpret it. The Incas used a system of knotted, colored string called quipu to keep track of livestock and other business. However these strings required special “rememberers” to interpret what the strings meant. While quipu still exist today, their meaning died with the rememberers.
The Incas were a polytheistic people that believed in a variety of gods. Most of these gods were attached to natural objects such as the sun, the moon, and the earth. In fact, the Incas believed that their Emperors were descended from the sun god Inti. This gave Inca Emperors the same kind of demigod status that the Egyptian Pharaons had.
In general, Inca art was plain. They valued functionality over aesthetics and most of their sculpture had ceremonial purposes. Their architecture was precise and Spartan.
The Incas did, however, create very elaborate, brightly colored tapestries made from alpaca. But even these ornate Inca tapestries had the practical purpose of binding political contracts.
The greatest achievement of Inca civilization was the architecture. The Inca built their buildings by placing stones together in such a tight fashion that not even a thin knife blade could fit between them.
This method of building required no mortar and was extremely resistant to seismic activity. As a result, sites like Machu Picchu remain largely intact.
The Rise and Fall of the Inca Empire
For the first 200 years the Inca were a small group of people; however around 1438 the Emperor Pachacutec's aggressive military expansion turned the Inca civilization into the most powerful nation in South America. Pachacutec's rule is generally accepted to be the starting point of the Inca Empire that would reign for the next two generations.
After the death of Pachacutec's successor, the Inca Empire was split into two factions, each led by one of the Emperor's sons. The division eventually led to a civil war that wouldn't be resolved until 1532; the same year the Spanish conquistadors arrived. Unfortunately a lot of Inca art would be lost during the Spanish rule.
In their quest for gold and silver, the conquistadors would melt down countless examples of Inca metalwork. While some aspects of Inca civilization would remain after the Spanish conquest, most of it would pass into myth.

നാഗരികതകളുടെ ഉദയവും പതനവും

ഒരു സംസ്കാരവും അതിന്‍റെ ആന്തരിക വ്യരുധ്യങ്ങലാല്‍ അല്ലാതെ തകരുകയില്ല

ഇന്കകള്‍ ഒരു കാലത്തേ ലോക സംസ്കാരത്തെ നിന്ത്രിച്ചിരുന്നു. അവരുടെ സംവിധാനങ്ങള്‍

ഏറ്റവും മികച്ചതയിരുന്നു. ലോകത്തെ അവര്‍ അടക്കി ഭരിച്ചു. eueropier അവരെ

കൊന്നുതള്ളി അടിമകളാക്കി .............